Shyiramo icyuma gitanga umuriro, ariko ntigishobora gushya, nkore iki?
Uretse ikibazo cy’ikirundo cyo gusharija cyangwa amashanyarazi ubwayo, bamwe mu batunze imodoka bakimara kwakira imodoka bashobora guhura n’iki kibazo iyo basharija ku nshuro ya mbere. Nta shariji ikenewe. Hari impamvu eshatu zishobora gutera iki kibazo: ikirundo cyo gusharija kidahagaze neza, voltage yo gusharija ni nke cyane, kandi switch y’umwuka (circuit breaker) ni nto cyane ku buryo idashobora kugwa.
1. Ishaja ya EV ntabwo ifite ishingiro rikwiye
Kubera impamvu z'umutekano, iyo urimo gusharija imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, amashanyarazi agomba kuba afite aho ahuriye neza n'ubutaka, kugira ngo niba hari aho ahuriye n'amazi menshi (nk'ikibazo gikomeye cy'amashanyarazi mu modoka y'amashanyarazi gituma insinga ya AC inanirwa guhagarara hagati y'insinga zikora neza n'umubiri), amazi ashobora gusigara agana aho anyura binyuze mu nsinga yo hasi. Aho ahagarara ntihazaba hateye akaga iyo abantu bayikozeho ku bw'impanuka bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi aturuka ku mazi menshi ku modoka.
Kubwibyo, hari ibintu bibiri bisabwa kugira ngo umuntu agire ibyago bitewe no kuva kw'amazi: ① Hari ikibazo gikomeye cy'amashanyarazi mu modoka; ② Ikirundo cyo kwishyuza nta kintu na kimwe gikingira kuva kw'amazi cyangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda kuva kw'amazi bubura. Amahirwe y'uko ubwo bwoko bubiri bw'impanuka bubaho ni make cyane, kandi amahirwe yo kubaho icyarimwe ni 0.
Ku rundi ruhande, bitewe n'impamvu nk'ikiguzi cy'ubwubatsi n'urwego rw'abakozi n'ubwiza, ibikorwa remezo byinshi byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu ngo n'amashanyarazi ntibirangizwa neza hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu bwubatsi. Hari ahantu henshi amashanyarazi adashyirwa ku butaka neza, kandi ntabwo bishoboka guhatira aha hantu kunoza ubutaka bitewe no gukwirakwira buhoro buhoro kw'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Dushingiye kuri ibi, birashoboka gukoresha imigozi yo gusarurira idafite ubutaka mu gusarurira imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, mu gihe imigozi yo gusarurira igomba kugira uruziga rwizewe rwo kurinda amazi, ku buryo nubwo imodoka nshya y'amashanyarazi yangirika kandi ikaba yahura n'impanuka, izahagarikwa igihe. Fungura uruziga rw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo wite ku mutekano w'umuntu ku giti cye. Nk'uko ingo nyinshi zo mu cyaro zidashyirwa ku butaka neza, ingo zifite ibikoresho birinda amazi kuva, bishobora kurinda umutekano w'umuntu ku giti cye nubwo habayeho impanuka y'amashanyarazi. Iyo umugozi wo gusarurira ushobora gushyirwaho umuriro, ugomba kugira uburyo bwo kuburira umukoresha ko umuriro ushyirwa ku butaka udashyizwe ku butaka neza, kandi ni ngombwa kuba maso no gufata ingamba zo kwirinda.
Mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy’ubutaka, ikirundo cyo gusharija gishobora kongera gusharija imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi. Ariko, ikimenyetso cy’ikosa kiragaragara, kandi ecran iraburira ko hasi hazabaho ikibazo kidasanzwe, yibutsa nyirayo kwitondera ingamba zo kwirinda.
2. Voltage yo gusharija ni nke cyane
Impinduramatwara nke ni indi mpamvu nyamukuru ituma idashyushya neza. Nyuma yo kwemeza ko ikibazo kitatewe n’aho idafite umuyoboro, impinduramatwara iba iri hasi cyane ishobora kuba impamvu yo kudashyushya neza bisanzwe. Impinduramatwara ya AC ishobora kurebwa binyuze mu gikoresho cyo gusharija hakoreshejwe ecran cyangwa control yo hagati y’imodoka nshya ikoresha ingufu. Niba ikigega cyo gusharija kidafite ecran yo kwerekana kandi ikigega gikoresha ingufu nshya kidafite amakuru ajyanye na voltage ya AC yo gusharija, hakenewe multimeter kugira ngo ipime. Iyo voltage mu gihe cyo gusharija iri munsi ya 200V cyangwa iri munsi ya 190V, ikigega cyo gusharija cyangwa imodoka bishobora gutanga raporo y’ikosa kandi ntibishobora gusharija.
Iyo byemejwe ko voltage iri hasi cyane, bigomba gukemurwa mu ngingo eshatu:
A. Reba imiterere y'insinga ifata amashanyarazi. Niba ukoresha 16A mu gusharija, insinga igomba kuba ifite nibura 2.5mm² cyangwa irenga; niba ukoresha 32A mu gusharija, insinga igomba kuba ifite nibura 6mm² cyangwa irenga.
B. Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi yo mu rugo ubwawo ni muto. Niba ari uko bimeze, ni ngombwa kugenzura niba insinga iri ku mpera y'urugo iri hejuru ya mm² 10, kandi niba hari ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nyinshi mu rugo.
C. Mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi akoreshwa cyane, igihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi akoreshwa cyane muri rusange ni kuva saa kumi n'ebyiri z'umugoroba kugeza saa yine z'ijoro. Iyo voltage iri hasi cyane muri iki gihe, ishobora gushyirwa ku ruhande mbere. Muri rusange, icyuma cyo gusharija kizahita gitangira gusharija nyuma y'uko voltage igarutse ku buryo busanzwe.
Iyo idashyushya, voltage ni 191V gusa, kandi voltage yo gutakaza insinga izaba ntoya iyo ishyushya, bityo ikirundo cyo gusharija kigaragaza ikosa rya undervoltage muri iki gihe.
3. Imashini igabanya umuvuduko w'umwuka (circuit breaker) yaguye
Gusharija imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ni iby'amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu nyinshi. Mbere yo gusharija imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ni ngombwa kwemeza niba icyuma gishyushya umwuka gikwiye gikoreshwa. Gusharija 16A bisaba icyuma gishyushya umwuka cya 20A cyangwa hejuru, naho 32A igasaba icyuma gishyushya umwuka cya 40A cyangwa hejuru.
Hakwiye gushimangirwa ko gusharija imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu nyinshi ari amashanyarazi menshi, kandi ni ngombwa kwemeza ko uruziga rwose n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi: ibipimo by'amashanyarazi, insinga, swichi z'umwuka, pulaki n'amasoko n'ibindi bice byujuje ibisabwa mu gusharija. Ni ikihe gice kitari cyemewe, ni ikihe gice gishobora gushya cyangwa kikangirika.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-30-2023